The spinal puncture model is a simulation teaching aid often used in clinical teaching and skills training. It can help learners master the standard procedures and key points of operation of lumbar puncture. The steps and process are roughly as follows:

The first step is the "preparation stage". The operator must prepare sterile gloves, puncture needles, syringes and related disinfection items, and examine the model to ensure that the anatomical landmarks of the lumbar vertebrae are clear and distinguishable. Trainees should be familiar with the body surface positioning such as the sacrospinous muscle and the interspinous space to prepare for accurate needle insertion in the subsequent process.

The second step is "position placement". Usually, the model is adjusted to a lateral position with bent knees and hugging the knees or a sitting position with forward flexion to maximize the lumbar intervertebral space and facilitate the smooth entry of the needle tip. This section can help trainees understand the influence of different postures on operations in actual clinical practice.

The third step is aseptic operation and positioning. The operator first conducts routine disinfection of the puncture site and then lays out sterile towels. By touching the spinous processes of the model, the appropriate intervertebral space is selected, which is generally between L3-L4 or L4-L5.

The fourth step is "puncture and needle insertion". When holding the needle, keep the tip of the needle perpendicular to the spine or slightly towards the side of the head, and insert it slowly. Trainees can experience different resistances when passing through ligaments in the model and gain a distinct "breakthrough sensation" when entering the spinal canal. Subsequently, the "cerebrospinal fluid" simulated liquid can be aspirated to confirm the success of the puncture.

Finally, there is the "needle removal and aftermath handling". After the needle is removed, a sterile cotton swab should be used to press the puncture site, and the used instruments should be properly disposed of to keep the training environment clean and tidy.

By standardizing the use of the spinal puncture model, learners can repeatedly practice the key points of operation, improve the accuracy of needle insertion and aseptic awareness, and thus better ensure patient safety in clinical practice.